Microfluidic based Sample Preparation for Bloodstream Infections

............................................................................................ 4 Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning ......................... 5 List of publications ...................................................... 8 Contribution to the papers ................................................................ 9 Thesis Road Map ............................................................................. 12 Bloodstream infection ..................................................................... 13 Infectious disease ...................................................... 14 Sepsis ........................................................................ 16 Epidemiology .......................................................................... 17 Misdiagnosis: a fatal error. ..................................................... 18 Current diagnostic assays .......................................... 19 Nucleic acid-based techniques ............................................... 20 Positive blood culture ............................................................. 21 Diagnosis directly from blood ................................................ 22 Isolation techniques for complex fluids ......................................... 25 The Challenge: Taking Blood Apart ........................... 26 Microfluidics – A Laboratory Time Saver? ................ 27 Microfluidic-Based Separation .................................. 30 Cell-Wall Composition ............................................... 31 Chemical approach ................................................................. 34 Affinity-Based Approaches .................................................... 34 Size-Based Approaches .......................................................... 36 Inertial Microfluidics ............................................................. 36 Point-of-Care: The Final Goal ......................................................... 37 Point-of-Care: An Overview ....................................... 38 Operational Steps within Point-of-Care ..................... 39 Point-of-Care for Bacterial Identification .................. 40 Verigene .................................................................................. 40 Film Array ............................................................................... 41 Concluding Remarks .............................................................. 42